What does the underlined word in the text refer to?Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences.24. ‘which’ in paragraph 5 refers to Answer Question 12[input].Short answer
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What does the underlined word in the text refer to?Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences.24. ‘which’ in paragraph 5 refers to Answer Question 12[input].
24. ‘this’ in paragraph 4 refers to Answer Question 12[input].
Read the text on digital agriculture and answer the following questions. 1. Digital agriculture is transforming farming through advanced technologies, promising numerous benefits for potential benefits for farmers, agribusiness, researchers and government. Farmers should be prepared for changes: consistent with what has happened in other industries, new types of business will be created, new jobs will be required, existing jobs will change and some jobs may even disappear. For example, digital agriculture, especially with robots, will allow one farmer to manage more land and animals. This is the continuation of a century-long trend that has major social consequences in rural Australia. 2. The latest digital agriculture involves using sensing systems and associated analytics to lower the cost of knowing what’s going on and more accurately predict the future. This knowledge can come from an individual farm or shared data from multiple farms. These developments offer three big opportunities; firstly, producers can make timely decisions with more predictable results. Second, automation using sensors and machine-learning can lower costs and increase reliability. Finally, technology will enable better categorising and marketing of agricultural products, opening new markets. For example, sensors can assess crop quality in different farm zones; the different quality crops can then be harvested, processed and marketed separately to maximise their value. 3. New remote sensing systems, such as the European Sentinel satellites, will provide data at improved frequency, resolution and cost, compared to current technology. For example, satellite imagery can identify what is growing in each paddock and then forecast a yield or feed availability. This information can have a wide range of end uses, including farm management, risk assessment, and logistics and handling planning. Remote sensing systems will be complemented by proximal systems, such as handheld devices or even cameras on smartphones. In precision irrigation, for example, combining satellite data, weather forecasts, and crop models with spot sensing of crop canopy temperature can warn farmers about irrigation needs and the consequences of delay. 4. One area that shows promise is the use of predictive analytics. Currently, we collect vast amounts of data but struggle to convert it into useful information. Predictive analytics helps decision-makers forecast future scenarios. For example, solar-powered ‘eGrazor’ collars for cattle collect real-time data on the behaviour of each animal in order to infer how much feed it requires. This can aid livestock producers in fine-tuning feeding and grazing management. It can also identify individual animals that efficiently convert feed into meat and milk. 5. There is also a huge opportunity in pooling privately held data to create products and services that farmers can use to improve their businesses. Researchers are working with farmer groups, to explore the viability of farm data-sharing arrangements. Sharing data will allow individual farmers to benchmark their production against others. For example, a farmer could develop more precise soil maps based on aggregated soil test results, or gain a more accurate picture of rainfall patterns in the local area. 6. Governments and research bodies already pool lots of ‘small data’ and use it to monitor performance trends in the industry. The challenge is finding the right business model for farmers to participate in. If farmers are going to contribute their own data and trust others with it, they want an obvious and transparent explanation of how it will be used to benefit them and others. 7. Digital transformation is everywhere and agriculture is no exception. Among the consequences of this is the trend for the big agri-bioscience companies to transform themselves into knowledge-based businesses. Moreover, the relationship between the farmers and service providers will become more about information management, and greater access to information will alter the power balances between the different players in agriculture. This means that digital technologies will reduce the advantage of local knowledge and the need of being the local. 8. Given the interrelated food, water, energy and climate change challenges that the world and Australia face, embracing digital technologies for agriculture gives us a significant opportunity. Australia is also a major trading nation and the highly competitive nature of international commodity markets means that we ignore these technologies at our peril. The support of innovation in Australian agriculture should continue as well as assisting governments and society to manage associated changes with trusted information and knowledge.Questions 23 – 24. What does the underlined word in the text refer to? Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences. 23. ‘their’ in paragraph 2 refers to Answer Question 11[input].
Read the text on digital agriculture and answer the following questions. 1. Digital agriculture is transforming farming through advanced technologies, promising numerous benefits for potential benefits for farmers, agribusiness, researchers and government. Farmers should be prepared for changes: consistent with what has happened in other industries, new types of business will be created, new jobs will be required, existing jobs will change and some jobs may even disappear. For example, digital agriculture, especially with robots, will allow one farmer to manage more land and animals. This is the continuation of a century-long trend that has major social consequences in rural Australia. 2. The latest digital agriculture involves using sensing systems and associated analytics to lower the cost of knowing what’s going on and more accurately predict the future. This knowledge can come from an individual farm or shared data from multiple farms. These developments offer three big opportunities; firstly, producers can make timely decisions with more predictable results. Second, automation using sensors and machine-learning can lower costs and increase reliability. Finally, technology will enable better categorising and marketing of agricultural products, opening new markets. For example, sensors can assess crop quality in different farm zones; the different quality crops can then be harvested, processed and marketed separately to maximise their value. 3. New remote sensing systems, such as the European Sentinel satellites, will provide data at improved frequency, resolution and cost, compared to current technology. For example, satellite imagery can identify what is growing in each paddock and then forecast a yield or feed availability. This information can have a wide range of end uses, including farm management, risk assessment, and logistics and handling planning. Remote sensing systems will be complemented by proximal systems, such as handheld devices or even cameras on smartphones. In precision irrigation, for example, combining satellite data, weather forecasts, and crop models with spot sensing of crop canopy temperature can warn farmers about irrigation needs and the consequences of delay. 4. One area that shows promise is the use of predictive analytics. Currently, we collect vast amounts of data but struggle to convert it into useful information. Predictive analytics helps decision-makers forecast future scenarios. For example, solar-powered ‘eGrazor’ collars for cattle collect real-time data on the behaviour of each animal in order to infer how much feed it requires. This can aid livestock producers in fine-tuning feeding and grazing management. It can also identify individual animals that efficiently convert feed into meat and milk. 5. There is also a huge opportunity in pooling privately held data to create products and services that farmers can use to improve their businesses. Researchers are working with farmer groups, to explore the viability of farm data-sharing arrangements. Sharing data will allow individual farmers to benchmark their production against others. For example, a farmer could develop more precise soil maps based on aggregated soil test results, or gain a more accurate picture of rainfall patterns in the local area. 6. Governments and research bodies already pool lots of ‘small data’ and use it to monitor performance trends in the industry. The challenge is finding the right business model for farmers to participate in. If farmers are going to contribute their own data and trust others with it, they want an obvious and transparent explanation of how it will be used to benefit them and others. 7. Digital transformation is everywhere and agriculture is no exception. Among the consequences of this is the trend for the big agri-bioscience companies to transform themselves into knowledge-based businesses. Moreover, the relationship between the farmers and service providers will become more about information management, and greater access to information will alter the power balances between the different players in agriculture. This means that digital technologies will reduce the advantage of local knowledge and the need of being the local. 8. Given the interrelated food, water, energy and climate change challenges that the world and Australia face, embracing digital technologies for agriculture gives us a significant opportunity. Australia is also a major trading nation and the highly competitive nature of international commodity markets means that we ignore these technologies at our peril. The support of innovation in Australian agriculture should continue as well as assisting governments and society to manage associated changes with trusted information and knowledge.Questions 23 – 24. What does the underlined word in the text refer to? Write ONE WORD from the text to complete the sentences. 23. ‘their’ in paragraph 2 refers to Answer Question 11[input].
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