Dexter has constructed the following hypothesis: People in countries that have a higher average temperature always drink more water (per person). Data was collected and the following visualisation created: Which of the following statements is true?

Question

BlackTom AI · Accepted Answer

A universal claim ('always') can be falsified by a single counterexample. Relevant concepts: hypothesis testing logic (universal statements require all cases to hold), reading paired data (temperature vs water per person), and using counterexamples to refute "always" claims.

Step‑by‑step reasoning:
1. Read the plotted pairs for each country (average temperature and water consumed per person). The chart shows the orange line (average temperature) rising from United Kingdom → Spain → Mexico → Australia, while the blue bars (water consumed) are: United Kingdom ≈ 5 L, Spain ≈ 3 L, Mexico ≈ 12 L, Australia ≈ 11 L (approximate from the visualization).
2. The hypothesis: "People in countries that have a higher average temperature always drink more water (per person)." That means if Country A has a higher temperature than Country B, A should have equal or greater water consumption than B in every observed case.
3. Compare a clear pair: Spain has a higher average temperature than the United Kingdom (orange line is higher at Spain), but Spain’s water consumption (~3 L) is lower than the UK’s (~5 L). This single counterexample violates the universal "always" condition.
4. Because one counterexample suffices to disprove an "always" statement, the collected data refutes the hypothesis.

Why answer C is correct: the Spain vs United Kingdom comparison directly contradicts the hypothesis, so the hypothesis is not true for all cases and is therefore refuted.

Why the other choices are wrong:
- a) The data is relevant (it directly measures temperature and water), so not correct.
- b) "Partially supports" would require a general trend but no clear contradiction; here a definite counterexample exists.
- d) It is clear from the plotted values that a counterexample exists, so it is not unclear.

Conclusion: The data refutes the hypothesis — correct answer: c. The data refutes the hypothesis.

Dexter has constructed the following hypothesis: People in countries that have a higher average temperature always drink more water (per person). Data was collected and the following visualisation created: Which of the following statements is true?Single choice

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